Bibliography — sources and editions
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Primary sources and editions used. We link to online copies where they exist; each entry also cites the specific sources that document it.
Main sources
- The Lesser Key of Solomon (Goetia), ed. S. L. MacGregor Mathers & Aleister Crowley, 1904 — the basis of the 72 and their seals. archive.org
- Johann Weyer, Pseudomonarchia Daemonum, 1577 (appendix to De praestigiis daemonum) — an earlier list of 69 spirits. esotericarchives.com
- Livre des Esperitz, 15th c. — one of the ancestors of the Goetic list.
- Liber Officiorum Spirituum, 16th c. — a link between the Livre and Weyer.
- Testament of Solomon, 1st–3rd c. — early demonology. sacred-texts.com
- Reginald Scot, The Discoverie of Witchcraft, 1584 — carried Weyer's list into English.
- The books of Tobit and Enoch (biblical and apocryphal) — for Asmodeus, Azazel and other pre-Goetic spirits.
- C. W. Goodwin, Fragment of a Graeco-Egyptian Work upon Magic, 1852 — source of the “Preliminary Invocation” (Bornless) Crowley added to the Goetia in 1904, taken from the Greek Magical Papyri.
- Jean-Patrice Boudet, “Les who's who démonologiques de la Renaissance et leurs ancêtres médiévaux” — on the relation between the Livre des Esperitz and the Liber Officiorum Spirituum.
- Stephen Skinner (ed.), The Magical Treatise of Solomon (Hygromanteia) — Byzantine predecessor of the Key of Solomon.
- Richard Kieckhefer, Forbidden Rites (the Munich Handbook, 15th c.) — the “clerical underworld” of medieval magic.
- Gal Sofer — studies on the Solomonic tradition (Jewish, Arabic and Byzantine-Greek threads).
- Lemegeton, Book III: Ars Paulina (ed. J. H. Peterson) — its Pauline Art sigil is reckoned “for the 10th of March 1641”, the internal date that anchors the Lemegeton's compilation. esotericarchives.com
- Colin D. Campbell, Of the Arte Goetia — prints the spirit lists of the Pseudomonarchia, the Discoverie of Witchcraft and Goetia MS 3825 side by side, and discusses their evolution.
- Jake Stratton-Kent, Pandaemonium — parallel spirit catalogues from several sources; useful for tracing their transmission. It also contains an English translation of the Livre des Esperitz.
- Johannes Trithemius, Antipalus Maleficiorum (1508) — a catalogue of magic books that already lists the Liber Officiorum Spirituum, helping to date it.
- Cecco d'Ascoli (Francesco Stabili, † 1327), commentary on Sacrobosco's Sphere — a 14th-c. text with one of the first attributions of the four cardinal kings (Oriens, Amaymon, Paymon, Egyn) to the signs of the zodiac, and the first appearance of the spirit Floron and his mirror. Modern edition: M. Hadfield & B. Johnson, An Exposition upon The Sphere of the Cosmos (Hadean Press, 2024).
See also the Methodology and each source page.